There are two types of methodological triangulation. The basis of the classification of triangulation figures is the accuracy with which the length and azimuth of a line of the triangulation are determined. Triangulation is an attempt to map out, or explain more fully, the richness and complexity of human behavior by studying it from more than one standpoint. Finally, triangulation can help explain the results of a study. In this paper, five types of triangulation will be examined. For example, you might choose to make a sandwich and you have to pick a type of bread.
Pdf quality in qualitative organizational research. Triangulation involves examining changes or lessons learned from different points of view, or in different ways. The union of all simplices in the triangulation is the convex hull of the points. The use of triangulation in social sciences research. Triangulation is a tactic used to manipulate an interaction between two people who are not communicating directly with each other. Four major types of qualitative research design are the most commonly used. Understanding triangulation in research roberta heale,1 dorothy forbes2 the term triangulation originates in the.
Validity, reliability and triangulation in case study. Alternatively the researcher could compare the results from two different methods used on the same people such as a semistructured interview and a focus group. Triangulation in research, with examples evidencebased. Triangulation in social science triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. Usually these types of structures offer no resistance to bending moments when a force is applied.
G data triangulation, g investigator triangulation, g theory triangulation, g methodological triangulation, and g environmental triangulation. These types each have the properties of bread, but have different flavors. The perspective is more important in guiding the study than the two types of data collection. Triangulation is a method used by qualitative researchers to check and establish validity in their studies. By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials. Triangulation systems of different accuracies depend on the extent and the purpose of the survey. In the social sciences, triangulation refers to the application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon. Design of the qualitative research the design of qualitative research is probably the most flexible of the various experimental techniques, encompassing a variety of accepted methods and structures. Triangulation involves the use of triangular shapes to give stability to structures. First, methods triangulation is concerned with checking out the. Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in. Methods triangulationto check the consistency of findings that is got by different methods of data collection.
Triangulation of methods that include an investigation of potential divergences within the outcome will increase the confidence in a study tremendously. Using multiple sources of data and research methods to understand phenomena yields many benefits, explained panel moderator mark liberman, university of pennsylvania. Types of triangulation in surveying, triangulation refers to a way of verifying the accuracy of a measurement for example, between two points a and b by using the known mathematical properties of equilateral triangles each angle is 30 degrees and each side is the same length. Data triangulation in qualitative research helping. Triangulation qualitative research guidelines project. It is common to have qualitative and quantitative data in a study. Triangulation approach can be applicable for both qualitative and quantitative research studies. It is used to improve the quality of monitoring and evaluation information, and to make analyses more reliable. There are five different types of triangulation which will be explained briefly over here.
The methods chosen in triangulation to test the validity and reliability of a study depend on the criterion of the research golafshani, 2003. Your choices might be wheat, white, sourdough or rye. The lexical definition of triangulation is that it is a process of using trigonometry in determining an unknown point or the point of triangulation veronica a. Executive summary in many endeavors, the tools selected to do the job can contribute to more effective outcomes than others. Data triangulation data triangulation involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity. Methods triangulation checking out the consistency of findings generated by different data collection methods. Priority can be given to either or both data types.
The four major types of mixed methods designs are the triangulation design, the embedded design, the explanatory design, and the exploratory design. There are various triangulation methods based on the techniques and people used. To explore various types of triangulation strategies and to indicate when different types of triangulation should be used in research. Pramesh hada be civil, msc urban planning assistant professor nepal engineering college, changunarayan,bhaktapur by. A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. This is a lab to help students explore the triangulation method used to determine earthquake epicenters. In the plane d 2, if there are b vertices on the convex hull, then any triangulation of the points has at most 2n. Triangulation is the process of validating the results of a study through two or more methods to check its reliability and validity. In the following overview only the most predominant type of triangulation on each of. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identify four types of triangulation. In marital, couples, or family therapy, triangulation is a very real thing that creates trouble for everyone. Where did the term triangulation come from, and how did it come to be used in qualitative.
Initially, it was the more quantitative researchers such as. Triangulation is a method used by qualitative researchers to. I dont think of a data in qualitative research as being a static and definite thing. Triangulation system may be classified according to. The term triangulation refers to the practice of using multiple sources of data or multiple approaches to analyzing data to enhance the credibility of a research study. Journal of mixed methods research triangulation and mixed. Methodological triangulation can be subdivided into two types. The main purpose of triangulation in educational and social science research is to increase the credibility and validity of the results 17. To date, there are few scholarly indepth discussions of its deployment in mixed methods research. Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Denzin 2006 identified four basic types of triangulation. A theoretical perspective such as advocacy, a specific ideology or a conceptual framework guides the study. The benefits and problems of triangulation are discussed on basis of an epistemological position that acknowledges the need for various types of knowledge and that does not attempt to rank them in.
It relates particularly to pinned or hinged structures. Pdf understanding triangulation in research researchgate. In research, triangulation refers to the combination of two or more theories, data sources, methods, or investigators in one study of a single phenomenon to converge on a single construct. Similarly combining qualitative and quantitative methods my help the researcher eliminate. If they are sitting far apart on the couch or in different chairs, you. These elucidate complementary aspects of the same phenomenon. Originating in navigational and surveying contexts, triangulation aligns multiple perspectives and leads to a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of interest. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identify four types of triangulation used in social research. The easiest method to implement uses a variety of information or data sources in order to increase the validity of the results. C3 lesson 1 classifying triangles 1 y ou classify many things around you.
Methodological triangulation introduction methodological triangulation or mixedmethods research uses more than one kind of method to study a phenomenon risjord et al 2001, casey and murphy 2009. Triangulation may include multiple methods of data collection and data analysis, but does not suggest a fix method for all the researches. The convergence of results achievable via methodological triangulation can provide a compelling justification for a researcher drawing the same conclusions from multiple types of evidence heale. Different kinds of triangulation triangulation can be used to deepen the researchers understanding of the issues and maximize their confidence in the findings of qualitative studies. Triangulation is the term used to describe this comparison and meshing of different data, be it combining quantitative with qualitative, or qual on qual. It is problematic because a third person becomes involved in a situation that should be between the two individuals involved in the conflict. The mixing of data types, known as data triangulation, is often thought to help in validating the claims that might arise from an initial pilot study. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identified four types of triangulation. Norman denzin identified four basic types of triangulation. Mixed methods potentially offer depth of qualitative understanding with the reach of quantitative techniques. Trilateration and triangulation3 hr chapterchapterchapterchapter 8888 er.
Triangulation is a term that is frequently mentioned in publications of qualitative studies. In primary triangulation very large areas such as the whole country are covered and the highest possible precision is secured. Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined. Typically, scholars mention triangulation in discussions to do with how the quality or validity of a study might be assured e. Triangulation can be used at different levels in a methodology. Methods triangulation is the use of multiple methods to study a situation or. The following sections provide an overview of each of these designs. Denzin 1978 describes four different forms of triangulation. Triangulation is a complicated phenomenon because so many people can be involved. There are several types of triangulation, but only the type that was used in this study will be discussed.
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